Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Introduction Climate change is a major world issue, average temperatures have risen across the globe by 1oC between 1906 and 2005 with a more rapid increase over the last 50 years (Conserve Energy Future, 2017], this rise has been attributed to global warming (McGrath, 2017). Emissions of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) contribute to this global warming and are known as greenhouse gases (NASA, 2017), though the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States of America stated in 2017 that CO2 was not a primary contributor to global climate change (McGrath, 2017). Energy use is a major producer of these greenhouse gases, governments around the world have put in place measures to reduce the production of these gases by introducing rules to improve energy efficiency (Conserve Energy Future, 2017]. In the UK energy use, can be broken down into 4 main areas, Transport, Domestic, Industrial and Services Sector (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). This report will look at energy usage of buildings and techniques that can be utilised to improve a buildings energy efficiency. UK Energy Usage The breakdown of the UKs energy usage across the 4 main areas in 2015 was as follows (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016): Transport 40% Domestic 29% Industry 17% Services Sector 14% The fuels used to provide this energy were a mixture of Gas, Electricity, Solid fuels, Petroleum and Bioenergy (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Both industry and transport use large amounts of energy undertaking their processes be it production lines or the operation of various modes of transport such as trains or buses rather than the running of buildings (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Energy usage is fundamental to the operation of any building be it for lighting, heating, cooling, cooking or other services such as lifts (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), with most of this energy being provided by either gas or electricity (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Thus, Improving the energy efficiency of a building can considerable reduce the amount of energy that is used. Over the last 30 years there has been a considerable increase in energy usage by office blocks due to the rise in the use of technologies such as large computers and the increased use of air conditioning systems (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). In the service sector office buildings are second to retail units in the levels of energy that they consume, and these office buildings contribute to 1.1% of the UK CO2 emissions each year (Pothitou, Connaughton and Torriti, 2015). Figure 1: Energy Usage of a standard Office and Efficient Office, Source: (Knissel, 1999) To become more energy efficient a building needs to use less energy to undertake the same tasks or role (International Energy Agency, 2017), as figure 1 above shows, improvements from a standard office block to a super-efficient office block can reduce energy usage by 70% (Knissel, 1999) Lighting In a commercial office, the lighting uses up to 50% of all the electricity consumed (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) and 35% of the total the energy consumption of the building (Knissel, 1999). Lighting can be broken down into several types these being access lighting, task lighting, emergency lighting and effects lighting (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). For a building to become more energy efficient attention needs to be paid to the lighting design to reduce the level of usage, technological advances mean that improvements in the efficiencies of lighting can be done in several ways (Energy Saving Trust, 2017), some of these can also be applied to existing office buildings without too much work having to be undertaken other methods need major alterations to incorporate into older buildings and are more suited to new buildings or buildings going through major refurbishment (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). The simple replacement of existing lamps within light fittings can reduce energy usage, with more modern fluorescent tubes being 25% more energy efficient than older versions and compact fluorescent lamps using up to 75% less energy than an old tungsten lamps (Irish Energy Centre, 1995), these tungsten lamps having been invented over 100ÂÂ   years ago(Energy Saving Trust, 2017) Light Emitting Diodes lamps (LEDs) are also now available and are up to 80% more efficient than the tungsten lamps (Energy.gov, 2013), when invented in the 1960s LEDs were no more efficient than tungsten lamps it has only been in the last ten years that great improvements in their efficiency has been achieved (Energy.gov, 2013). This method of energy efficiency can be applied to existing buildings without too much trouble but does have a cost over and above normal maintenance costs of changing the lamps but by the energy saved the LED lamps can pay back their extra initial cost within 3 years. (Corkhill, 2014). Another area where lighting can be made more efficient is insuring that it is only used when required and that lights are turned out when not in use (Open Technology, 2016). The use of sensors such as proximity or absence detection also means that the lights come on automatically when occupied and turn off after a period of non-occupancy (Open Technology, 2016), the dis-advantages of this can that someone sitting still at a desk may not activate the sensor and the light may go out while they are still there. Office areas can also be divided into different lighting zones with different controls for each zone, lights then only need to be on in areas of the office that are occupied or being used (Knissel 1999) leading to further efficiency.ÂÂ   The use of daylight sensors to adjust the amounts of artificial light used when there is sufficient natural light helps reduce energy usage (Carbon Trust, 2017). This may be achieved by having lights that either switch off or dim depending on levels of natural light in an area and can be used alongside lighting zones so that the lights closest to the windows dim separately when the natural light levels increase (Open Technology, 2016). Dimming controls and timers can also be utilised to minimise energy usage, it may be that less lamps operate at a lower light level at certain times of the day such as during the evenings or night while cleaning of the office is being undertaken (Open Technology, 2016). The room layouts can also play a part in energy efficiency by positioning desks to make more use of natural light and by painting walls and ceilings light colours can maximise the effectiveness of the lights (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). Thermal Comfort All individuals working in an office want to feel comfortable and not to be either to hot or too cold no matter what time of the year it is (Seton, 2015). There are 6 factors which can affect the thermal comfort of people within an office environment, these can be broken down into environmental factors and personnel factors (HSE, 2016). The 4 environmental factors being Air Temperature, Air velocity, radiant temperature and relative humidity (Harish, 2017), the other 2 factors are personnel these being clothing and metabolic heat (HSE, 2016). The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) have identified several elements of a building that will affect the thermal environment these being items such as glazing, ventilation, air tightness, thermal mass, plant and equipment, waste heat along with working patterns, activities and workforce profile (Seton, 2015). CIBSE also provide recommendations on the temperatures levels, air supply and illuminance to provide a comfort level that will be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015), this does though mean that there will be 20% that do not find it comfortable (Woods, 2015). Due to personnel preferences, it is not possible to find settings that are acceptable to all occupants and the recommendations are levels deemed to be a healthy office environment (HSE, 2016) Figure 2 CIBSE Comfort recommendations for Offices Conditions Temperature (Â °C) Air Supply per person (l/s/person) Illuminance Noise Rating (NR) Summer (Light Clothing) 22-25 8 500 35 Winter (Warm Clothing 21-23 8 500 35 Source: CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015 (Woods, 2015) Many office blocks have heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) to maintain these comfort levels (Carbon Trust, 2017), figure 1 earlier in this report shows that in a standard office these systems use up to 42% of the all the energy consumed by the office block (Knissel, 1999). For the most efficient use of these HVACs systems it is important to design the buildings fabric to reduce the load imposed on these HVACs systems (Harish, 2017). For example, radiant temperature can involve both heat gain and heat loss through the structure, this is especially so near large windows, in these instances the structure can be designed with solar shading such as brise soleil or reflective blinds on elevations facing the sun to reduce solar heat gain (Harish, 2017). The windows can also be designed with triple glazed glass along with blinds that have thermal insulating properties to help reduce heat loss during the cooler months of the year (Harish, 2017). These measure help reduce the amount of work that either the cooling system or heating systems must undertake (Knissel, 1999), the disadvantage that any shading or blinds have is that they reduce the amount of natural light entering the building leading to the extra usage of artificial lighting. Heating in office buildings is usually provided by a central boiler (CIBO, 1997), the efficiency of the boiler can depend upon the fuel used, back in 1997 the typical energy efficiency for boilers based on fuel varied greatly as shown in figure 3. Figure 3 Typical Efficiency for New Boilers in 1997 Fuel Full Load Efficiency % Low Load Efficiency % Coal 85 75 Oil 80 72 Gas 75 70 Biomass 70 60 Source: (CIBO, 1997) Improvement in technology has meant boiler efficiency has greatly improved since 1997, micro combined heat and power (mCHP) boilers are now available for offices and domestic properties, prior to 2006 these were only economically available on extremely large scales (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). CHP boilers simultaneously generate useful heat and electricity making better use of the fuel being used (Ecoliving, 2017). Figure 4 Micro Combined Heat and Power Boiler Schematic. Source: (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). These combined heat and power boilers can be up to 98% efficient, with the electricity produced being either used by the building or returned to the main grid (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). A disadvantage of CHP is that it is only useful in a building that requires both hot water and electricity, if other methods are used for heating and hot water is only used for washing then a CHP is not practical (Dinneen, 2014). As well as improved efficiency of boilers and air conditioning systems better controls also help reduce energy usage, for every 1Â °C lower that the heating is run it reduces energy usage by up to 8% (Carbon Trust, 2017) so setting heating levels at the lower level of 21Â °C set by CIBSE rather than the upper winter level of 23oC can reduce the energy usage by up to 16%. In open plan areas controls to both heating and cooling should also not be accessible to the occupants as there could be instances where one individual turns up the heating in their area and another turns down the air conditioning in their zone and the two systems then try to work against each other (Carbon Trust, 2017). Some areas of a building such as computer hub rooms will require cooling all year due to the heat generated by the equipment within them (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), the use of a heat recovering system can be utilised to use this heat for other parts of the building reducing the load put on the heating systems and reducing the energy usage (Energytechs, 2017). These heats recovering units operate by using hot air from within the building to heat fresh cool air from the external environment (Energytechs, 2017) this warmed fresh air is then circulated around the building reducing the heating requirements (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) Figure 5 Heat Recovery Unit, Source: Energytechs, 2017 Conclusion Technology and energy efficiency of services for buildings is continually improving this can be seen by the advances in LED technology for lighting and the use of Combined Heat and Power boilers in smaller scale buildings that have advanced over the last 20 years (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). Buildings can only be built as energy efficient as the technology available at the time of construction, some energy efficiency measures can be installed later if the technology becomes available but this can be costly and disruptive (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) It is though important when considering energy efficiency of buildings services to ensure that comfort levels for occupants are maintained for the tasks they are undertaking and are not compromised to achieve great energy efficiency (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) Modern technology makes more use of automated controls to assist in improving energy efficiency within buildings, this helps to remove occupants interference with controls and the potentially unbalancing of the systems resulting in more energy usage. As already mentioned earlier in this report the guidance figures given by CIBSE will only be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015) the other 20% will be looking to alter the settings to suit their requirements so good communication with the occupants on the reasons the strategy for control settings will help with the implementation of the energy efficiency measures (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). References Carbon Trust, 2017, [Online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides/energy-efficiency/lighting/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] CIBO, 1997. Energy Efficiency Industrial Boiler Efficiency [Online] Available at: http://invenoinc.com/file/Energy-Efficieny-adn-Industrial-Boiler-Efficiency.pdf [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Conserve Energy Future, 2017. 35 Surprising Facts about Global Warming. [Online] Available at:ÂÂ   http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-global-warming-facts.php [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Corkhill, K. 2014. LED Payback Calculation [Online] Available at: http://www.jarvislights.com/led_payback_calculation_blog/ [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016, Energy Consumption in the UK [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/energy-consumption-in-the-uk [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Dinneen, P., 2014. Pros and Cons: Combined heat and Power (CHP) [Online] Available at: http://www.kinsley-group.com [Accessed 23rd March 2017] Ecoliving, 2017. What is CHP? [Online] Available at; http://www.ecolivinguk.com/combined-heat-power/what-is-chp/ [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Energy.gov, 2013. History of the light bulb [Online] Available at: https://energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb [Accessed on 21st March 2017] Energy Saving Trust, 2017. Energy Efficient Lighting [Online] Available at: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home-energy-efficiency/lighting [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] Energytechs, 2017. Heat Energy Recovery Ventilation [Online] Available at: http://energetechs.com/heat-recovery-ventilation/ [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] Harish, A., 2017. How to Improve Thermal comfort in an Office Environment. [Online] Available at: https://www.simscale.com/blog/2016/07/improve-thermal-comfort-office/ [Accessed on 21st March 2017] HSE, 2016. The six basic factors [Online] Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm [Accessed on 21st March 2017] Irish Energy Centre, 1995, Energy Efficient lighting in OfficesÂÂ   [Online] Available at: http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Your_Business_Publications/Technology_Guides/Energy%20Efficient%20Lighting%20in%20Offices.pdf [Accessed on 15th March 2017] Knissel, J., 1999. Energy efficient Office Buildings [Online] Available at:- http://www.iwu.de/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/energie/energy_efficient_office_buildings.pdf [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] McGrath, M., 2017. Extreme an Unusual Climate trends continue after record 2016 [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39329304 [Accessed on 21st March 2017] NASA, 2017. Global Climate Change, Vital Signs of the Planet [Online] Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed on 14th March 2014] Open Technology, 2016, Intelligent Lighting Controls [Online] Available at: http://www.opentechnologyuk.com/ligo/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] Pothitou, M., Connaughton, J. and Torriti, J. 2015, Energy Demand Working practices in Office Buildings [Online] Available at: https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/tsbe/MaryPothitou_TSBE_Conference_Paper_2015.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Seton, 2015. Thermal Comfort in the workplace [Online] Available at: http://www.seton.co.uk/legislationwatch/article/thermal-comfort-workplace/ [Accessed on 21st March 2017] The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016. Micro Combined Heat and Power [Online] Available at: https://www.renewableenergyhub.co.uk/micro-combined-heat-and-power-micro-chp-information/how-does-microchp-work-in-a-home-or-business.html#jump_21929 [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Wade, J., Pett, J. and Ramsay, L., 2003, Energy efficiency in offices: assessing the situation [Online] Available at: http://pett-projects.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/ACE-Research-2003-05-Energy-Efficiency-in-offices-Assessing-the-situation-report1.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Woods, P., 2015. CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015, LONDON: Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers.

Essay about myself Essay

A New Beginning I was born in the Dominican Republic â€Å"Quisqueya la Bella† as we called it, and I used to live with my Parents and two elder sisters, my mother worked as a teacher, and my father was a policeman. Then my father dies when I was only 11 years old, and two years after that, my mother Met Miguel; and they fell in love, and got married. Then Miguel, now my stepfather came to the U.S. and Five years later he gives us the news that we have to move to the U.S. in November of 2011, I moved to the U.S with my mother and sisters, but I had no say in whether I wanted to go or not, and I just Went. My mother said we had to go for a better life. moving to the U.S. was a hard change for me and meant I had to start all over again and go to a new school and make new friends. Also I had to leaving everything I ever knew behind to move Into a foreign country. They say it’s hard to move from a place to another, but, it’s even worst than they say, because it’s not an easy thing moving and living in another country, because your life as you know it changes. when I first arrived, I felt like a stranger; there were people everywhere talking different languages, besides buildings and bright lights, also a lot of noise and family that I didn’t even knew came to visit us with gifts. Around a few months later, I finally got enrolled in school. however when entering a new school, I didn’t Know anyone, and there was a big cultural and language gap that separated me from the rest of the students, I dreaded the fact that I had to go to school there. I missed my friends and family back in the Dominican Republic. I wanted to leave new York and Go back to my â€Å"Quisqueya†. I’ve worked too hard to adapt myself to this new environment and after a time, and step by step, I was feeling comfortable. Then I’d made tons of friends, and I wasn’t feeling like a stranger anymore, finally I felt at home.

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Media Coverage On The Vietnam War - 1549 Words

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The Influence Of Patient Health Literacy On Positive...

The Influence of Patient Health Literacy on Positive Health Outcomes Introduction With an increase in the number of new prescriptions hitting the market and the growing number of patients taking prescription medications, patient health literacy becomes a rising problem. Approximately ninety percent of Americans currently take prescription or over-the-counter medications; however, patients that have an inadequate health literacy level are more likely misinterpret or suffer adverse drug effects due to a lack of understanding. (7) These possible adverse drug effects could also potentially increase the number of hospitalizations, thus raising health care costs. One study suggested that over half of the documented emergency department visits could have been avoided had the patient been more health literate. 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Snap Fitness Free Essays

Snap Fitness ACC/566 July 16, 2012 David Kochevar Snap Fitness Executive Summary Owning a business is a dream for many people and one way to obtain that dream is to take advantage of a franchise opportunity. Work-out centers are a rapidly growing business. â€Å"Economically, the health club industry has proven to be recession-proof, averaging an 8% annual growth rate since the early 1990’s across all health clubs and gyms†(Snap Fitness, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Snap Fitness or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following paper will reflect information concerning owning a fitness center and benefits to an individual who seeks to own a business in this industry. Individuals across the country who want to be fit often join fitness centers and most people want a no commitment month to month membership. Snap Fitness offers memberships such as this at a reasonable cost. The purpose of this paper is to describe Snap Fitness and identify cost-volume-profit analysis as well as break even analysis. Snap Fitness estimates each location will have $4,000 expense for fixed operating expenses and $2000 to lease equipment. In order for an individual looking to own a franchise such as Snap Fitness, in order to make a profit the business may only need 300 members. The paper will provide an estimate of variable costs, monthly sales in dollars and members will be identified to determine what is needed to achieve a target net income of $10,000 for the month. Five examples of variable costs for a fitness center will be identified and discussed. Lastly, the paper will discuss summarized information concerning purchasing a franchise and will conclude with a decision whether purchasing a fitness franchise is a wise decision or not. CVP Analysis CVP (Cost Value Profit) Analysis allows an investor to determine if an investment is profitable and at what point the total revenues are equal to the total costs (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). CVP are very basic analysis that provide a very quick and easy to ready snap shot analysis. CVP Analysis for Snap Fitness contemplates the connection between the volume of members of the fitness center, the monthly fee (no annual contract is needed), the variable costs encored, and the fixed costs. Snap Fitness will assess no sales mix as sales cannot be mixed when only one service is offered (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). Snap Fitness | |CVP Income Statement | |For the Month Ended June 30, 2012 | | |Total | |Sales (300 members X $26. 0 monthly fee) |$7,800 | |Variable costs |$1,800 | |Contribution margin |$6,000 | |Fixed costs (monthly operating expenses + equipment lease |$6,000 | |Net Income | $-0- | Variable costs Variable costs are the operating cost that varies in direct proportion to the quantity of units either sold are produced (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). For the variable cost analysis it was assumed that the only fixed costs are the estimated monthly operating expenses of $4,000 and the equipment lease of $2,000 per month. In order to Break-even the Net income result for the below equation would be zero if the expenses and sales are equal. The newspaper assessed that the break even would be meet if 300 members paid a monthly fee of $26. 0 each. The newspaper theory was used to complete the sales data, but this data point should be considered a soft number as it is based off of a newspaper assumption. Break-even analysis uses the formula of Sales = Variable costs + Fixed costs + Net income (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). |Sales = |Variable costs + |Fixed costs + |Net income + | |$7,800 = |$1,800 |$6,000 |$0 | Monthly Sales Snap Fitness is only able to be successful and profitable as a company if they set their monthly sales goals to achieve. The set monthly sales goals are crucially needed to be set to insure the company’s has the ability to barometer to gauge. This will allow the Snap Fitness to verify cash flow and meet all of the company’s financial obligations. Snap Fitness is also able to use the information to verify the sales team is meeting their individual and team goals and performance levels. Snap fitness is required to meet $17, 800 in monthly sales to meet the target net income of $10,000. Income amount of $10,000 will insure Snap Fitness will be able to make a profit for the investors and cover costs. For the sales team to make $17,800 they will need to sign-up additional 685 new members. The required sales to meet the $10,000 goal the Target net income formula will need to be used. Required Sales = Variable Cost + Fixed Cost + Target Net Income $17,800 = $1,800 + $6,000 + $10,000 Variable Costs Examples Variable costs are costs that vary in total directly and proportionately with changes in the activity level. If the level increases 10%, total variable costs will increase 10%. If the level of activity decreases by 25%, variable costs will decrease 25%† (Kimmel, Weygandt, and Kieso, 2009, p. 914). Variable costs for this type of franchise will rise as members join. Utilities are variable costs and will fluctuate based on the amount of activity at the gym. Salarie s for staff will also be a variable cost. Personal trainers’ salaries will be different than a sales associate, for example. If the location offers health and wellness programs, a registered dietician will more than likely be employed at the location. A new gym will have less staff in the beginning as opposed to an established gym. As more members join, additional staff will be added to accommodate customers. Taxes and insurance will naturally fluctuate. Insurance is necessary to ensure the business has coverage in the event a customer is injured and to protect the building itself (damages, fire, accidents). As the equipment is consistently used, repairs or replacements will be necessary. These repairs or replacements are a variable cost and will more than likely increase as the business grows and more customers utilize the facility and equipment. In relation to variable costs, business owners will find having knowledge of marginal distribution will help evaluate business performance. Marginal distribution can be calculated as follows: Marginal contribution = Marginal contribution per unit * Number of units sold Marginal contribution per unit = Selling price – Unit variable cost The marginal contribution is the difference between total revenue and totals variable costs and explains how changes the operating profit as changing the number of units sold† (Busan and Dina, 2009, p. 103) . Franchise Opportunities The decision to start a business can sometimes be very difficult due to all of the work associated with planning and implementation. Franchises opportunities are the happ y medium to business ownership. A franchise is when an individual or a group has established a right to market a company’s goods or services within a specific area. In a franchise opportunity a rand/ image has already been established for a company as well as products. The owner(s) is required to pay an initial fee to start the business while a percentage of the monthly sales have to be paid back to the company. For example anytime fitness, McDonalds, and Subway are all example of franchise operations. Establishing a fitness center has a minimum initial contribution of $80,000 however if the owner(s) are military veterans discounts will be offered. The initial covers equipment, demographics help, a secure surveillance system, customer tracking data, and a well together fitness plan and package. Snap Fitness also offers a financing program which helps with the initial investment cost. Once the agreement has been signed the franchisee is provided with all the benefits and perks. Training is also provided at the corporate headquarters and an advertising plan is in place to help attain new clients. The franchise fee is a set fee that does not increase with sales. Franchise’s make business ownership simplified because the leg work has been done already. However, the negatives are yes a percentage of the sales have to be sent to the franchisor. Understanding the benefits of franchises compared to small business ownership will help make decisions easier about which operation works best. Conclusion As we see franchising a fitness center is a very beneficial investment for individuals or groups looking to operate a business. As an investor it is important to have a concept as to which ownership and entity type works best for them. The breakdown of the variable cost and the break even analysis gives great insight in regards to how the business would need to operate on monthly bases. These key equations are imperative to business operation but it also helps predict future earnings as long as goals are achieved. A franchise opportunity has many perks with a limited amount of risk involved so understanding how things work is beneficial. Snap Fitness offers the ability to open a franchise with great support and package benefits throughout the whole process. Fitness and health is a great industry because American is trying to be more health conscience. References Anytime Fitness. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. anytimefitness. com/franchise-opportunities Busan, G. , Dina, I. (2009). Using cost-volume-profit analysis in decision making. Annals Of The University Of Petrosani Economics, 9(3), 103-106. Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , Kieso, D. E. (2009). Accounting: tools for business decision making (3rd ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Snap Fitness (2011) About Snap Fitness. Retrieved from Snap Fitness (2011). http://www. snapfitness. com/corporate/about Snapfitness. com (2012). Fitness Franchise Opportunity. Retrieved from http://www. snapfitness. com/corporate/franchise-opportunities How to cite Snap Fitness, Papers

Spanish Inquisition Essay Research Paper Over the free essay sample

Spanish Inquisition Essay, Research Paper Over the old ages in history, there have been many formidable executings that were caused by the facet of different religions and races. Time period after period there have been many leaders who lashed out onto others because of what they believed in. All of these incidents have neer been forgotten ; one really ill-famed one would be the Spanish Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition was started to # 8220 ; cleanse # 8221 ; the Church of misbelievers and sublimate Spain. They executed Jews, Muslims, and other minorities non of Christian religion. Ferdinand and Isabella were in Crown of Spain and appointed the Church to get down the Spanish Inquisition. These instances will be discussed in the fallowing paper. Isabella promised whenever she reaches the throne she would give herself to the expiration and persecution of the Jews. The individual who made her promise this did non recognize that she would of all time make the throne. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish Inquisition Essay Research Paper Over the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When she was queen she did what she promised and cleansed Spain of misbelievers. She appointed the chief interrogator, Thomas of Torquemada. Thomas was the 1 who had Isabella vow that she would sublimate Spain. Besides her vow, she already wanted # 8220 ; one state, one swayer, one faith. # 8221 ; ( Slade, 1996 ) The Inquisition executed Jews and Muslims. However, even the 1s who converted to Christianity or born Christian were tortured if they once were of another religion or if it could be traced back in their roots. The 1s who had the Judaic blood, or of any other religion and were born Christian , were tortured more badly. The accused was non allowed to hold a attorney or advocate for their defence. They tortured people to derive confessions. The church handled all confessions, nevertheless could non witness the bloodshed that they caused to acquire the accused to squeal. All penalties were vary physical two of the most ill-famed were the strapado and aselli. The strapado, intending block, was a device incorporating ropes to strap a individual down from their weaponries and legs and weights were attached on the ropes. The individual would be raised and their organic structure would stretch doing mass sums of hurting and sometimes-immediate decease. The aselli was a H2O torture. A individual would lie down and be drowned celerity until it looked like their venas would detonate. Harmonizing to the Church # 8217 ; s jurisprudence: if a anguish was stopped so you could non get down it once more with the same individual but a interruption could be taken. Once a individual confesses the Spanish felt pure and convinced that the anguish was flagitious plenty, and so the individual would be sentence to decease. A sentenced decease was carried out as the accused is thrown into a fire which they called car de fe ( act of religion ) . ( Slade, 1996 ) However, if one died in the prisons, the Spanish felt un-pure and felt the demand to throw that individuals household in the fire every bit good. The Spanish Inquisition, brought up by biass and greed, went on good longer so the reign of Isabella. It lasted for 330 old ages. About half a million people were burned merely because of their beliefs.